Don McCullin's unsparing portraits from war zones, or the dangling body-harness of a thalidomide child.

唐·麦卡林地区的无情描绘，或者萨利多胺儿童悬在空的身体吊带。

And molecules like thalidomide are the same way.

像萨力多胺这样的分子也是如此。

In thalidomide, for example, the chiral center is a carbon atom attached to one of the rings.

例如在萨力多胺，手性心是一个吸附在一个结构环上的碳子。

But in 1998, the FDA did approve thalidomide, almost forty years after rejecting it based on the birth defect problems.

但1998年，在由于先天性缺陷问题而被禁的近40年后，食品及药物管局的确批准了萨力多胺的使用。

By 1961, Lenz had proven the link between thalidomide and the birth defects, and it was pulled from the shelves.

到1961年，Lenz证明了萨力多胺与先天性缺陷之间的联系，该药下架。

What researchers didn't know at the time was that there were actually two versions of the thalidomide molecule.

那时的研究员们不知道萨力多胺分子其实有两个变体。

Even though they were now aware that thalidomide was a problem, scientists still didn't know why.

即使他们已经意识到了是萨力多胺的问题，但那时的科学家仍然不清楚其。

Meaning that even if they'd isolated 100% pure R thalidomide, it still wouldn't be safe for pregnant women.

这意味着即使他们将R萨力多胺完全隔离出来，孕妇而言，依旧不安全。

But it turns out that thalidomide's R enantiomer can actually switch to the S version while inside the human body.

但事实证明，萨力多胺的R映体在人体内还是可以转换成S变体。

In the case of thalidomide, scientists discovered that the R enantiomer helped with morning sickness, but the S enantiomer caused those severe birth defects.

在萨力多胺，科学家发现R映体有助于缓解晨吐，但是S映体则会引发严重的先天缺陷。

The pharmaceutical company Gruenenthal produced thalidomide in the 1950s and 60s to help pregnant women suffering from morning sickness. With the details, here is Mike Wooldridge.

制药公司Gruenenthal于五六十年代生产了萨立多胺来帮助孕妇免于晨吐。麦克·沃特里报道。

The apology came as the chief executive of the Gruenenthal Group Harald Stock unveiled a bronze statue symbolising a boy born without a limbs because of thalidomide.

Gruenenthal集团总裁哈拉尔·司多克揭开一座象征萨立多胺而出生时就缺少四肢的男孩铜像，然后此事表示道歉。

And recent research is also leading some scientists to believe that in certain cases, thalidomide could help with a number of debilitating diseases, including some forms of breast cancer.

近期研究也让一些科学家们相信，在某些情况萨力多胺可以帮助一些衰竭性疾病的治疗，如乳腺癌。

After researchers discovered that only the S version of thalidomide caused birth defects, they thought about isolating the R enantiomer so they could continue to use it to treat morning sickness.

当研究员门发现萨力多胺仅有S变体会导致先天缺陷后，他们考虑将R映体隔离出来，这样他们就能够继续使用萨力多胺治疗晨吐。