The head-tail morphology is unique to viruses that infect bacteria called bacteriophages.

这种态是感染细菌的菌体所特有的。

In the last few years, bacteriophages have enjoyed the attention of the second deadliest beings on earth: humans.

最近几年，菌体引起了世界上第二致命生物的关注——人类。

But mucus contains mucins, antimicrobial peptides, antibodies, and even bacteria-hungry viruses called bacteriophages that all work together to prevent biofilms from forming.

但黏液中包含黏蛋白，抗菌肽，抗体，还有能吞细菌的病毒，叫做菌体。这些成分协同作用防止生物膜的生成。

More specialized vectors have been engineered to use aspects of plasmids and bacteriophages, such as the plasmid-bacteriophage h hybrids known as cosmids

质粒和菌体经在很多种类的细菌中被使用来表达基因，并且一些菌体经被用来将DNA整合到宿主基因组上。

They have no cytoplasmic membrane, cytosol, or functional organelles, but they can infect all types of cells and numerous viruses can also infect bacteria, which are called bacteriophages.

虽然没有细胞膜、细胞质和功能性细胞器，但它们可以感染所有类型的细胞；多病毒能感染细菌，这类病毒被称为菌体。

Viruses and bacteriophages are not capable of metabolic activity on their own, so instead, they invade other cells and use their metabolic machinery to produce more viral molecules, nucleic acid, and proteins, which then assemble into new viruses.

众多病毒、菌体不能独立进行代谢活动，因此，它们侵入其它细胞，利用细胞的代谢机制来制造更多的病毒颗粒、核酸和蛋白质，然后再将这些组装成新的病毒。