Staph saprophyticus can also form adherent biofilms on medical implants, typically the indwelling urinary catheters.

腐葡萄球菌还可以在医疗植入上，通常是留置导尿管上，形成粘附的膜。

Now, a little biofilm isn't gonna hurt you.

一点点膜不会有什么伤害。

It can also colonize indwelling medical devices, where it forms biofilms.

它还可以在留置的的医疗器械上定植，并形成膜。

But in reality, microbes gather by the millions to form vast communities known as biofilms.

但实际上，微以数百万计地聚集，形成一种叫做膜的巨大组织。

An absence of biofilms means fouling will never get going in the first place.

没有膜意味着从一开始就不会产。

Additionally, indwelling medical devices should be removed and replaced when there is suspicion of biofilms.

此外，有膜形成时，应拆除并更换留置的医疗设备器械。

However, in a biofilm, the extracellular matrix shields microbes from external threats.

但是，如果活在膜中，细胞外基质能够为微提供保护。

Researchers say when mass-produced, this biofilm device will cost just over 1 dollar.

研究人员称，此膜检水设备大规模产时，每个只售一美元多一点。

To see how biofilms come about, let's watch one as it develops on a submerged river rock.

为了了解膜如何产，我们以一个长在河石上的膜为例。

This type of biofilm might begin with a few bacteria swimming through their liquid environment.

这种膜最初由少数细菌组成，这些细菌在周围的液体环境中穿梭。

A biofilm is basically a layer of “slime” made of exopolysaccharides or EPS, within which Staph saprophyticus live and reproduce.

这种膜通常是一层由胞外多糖（EPS）形成的“粘液”，腐葡萄球菌在其中存和繁殖。

But because biofilms often contain many different microbes that aren't closely related to each other, interactions can also be competitive.

但是，膜常常包含不同种类的微，它们之间关联并不紧密，有时会互相竞争。

But mucus contains mucins, antimicrobial peptides, antibodies, and even bacteria-hungry viruses called bacteriophages that all work together to prevent biofilms from forming.

但黏液中包含黏蛋白，抗菌肽，抗体，还有能吞噬细菌的病毒，叫做噬菌体。这些成分协同作用防止膜的成。

Biodegradable carbon-based electrodes printed on a piece of paper are covered with a layer of fluid called the biofilm.

可降解的碳源电极被印在一张纸上，并覆盖了一层叫做膜的可流动薄膜。

Individual bacteria multiply and form many small microcolonies that coalesce, creating a layer of dental plaque - which is a type of biofilm.

单个细菌增殖并且形成很多小菌落，集合起来，组成了一层牙菌斑，是膜的一种。

Not to mention, biofilms are normal and flavor enhancing parts of many of the foods we enjoy, including cheese, salami, and kombucha.

更不用说，我们享用的许多美食，也需要膜的参与，包括奶酪、意大利香肠、以及红茶菌。

Comparing a biofilm to strawberry jam, the seeds would be the bacteria and the rest of the jam would be the EPS.

将这种膜与草莓酱进行比较，其中的种子就是细菌，果酱的其余部分就是EPS。

For one thing, microbes living in a biofilm are rooted in a relatively stable microenvironment where they may have access to a nutrient source.

一方面，对于微而言，膜形成的微观环境相对稳定，在此微拥有营养来源。

In addition, the bacteria usually form a biofilm where individual bacterial cells are fixed in a matrix of slime which protects them from the immune system as well as antibiotics.

此外，这些细菌还可形成膜，即单个细菌粘附在黏液基质中，从而对抗免疫系统和抗素。

Alright, as a quick recap, the human oral microbiota is represented by the community of microorganisms which are normally found in the oral cavity and can exist as free-floating bacteria, or in the form of a biofilm.

得！快速回顾一下～人类口腔微群以口腔内常见微群为代表；这些微群可以是游离的细菌，也可以以膜的形式存在。