This long white plume has grown from the white hairy calyx which we found outside each tiny yellow flower.

这些长长白色绒毛就是从黄色花外面白色毛状花萼中生长而出。

The renal papilla project into minor calyces which join together to form major calyces which funnel into the renal pelvis.

乳头突盏，每2-3个盏合成大盏；2-3个大盏合并形成漏斗形盂。

Once millions of nephrons have each made urine, it flows into the minor calyces, then major calyces, and finally into the renal pelvis.

当数以百万计单位各自都产生，便流盏，然后是大盏，最终进盂。

In grade IV, the ureter is so swollen that it begins to get curvy and the renal pelvis and calyces—the urine collection ducts—become moderately swollen and distorted.

输管过于肿胀，甚至开始产生卷曲，盂、盏和集合管发生中度肿胀和扭曲。

Finally in grade V, the most severe classification, urine fills up the ureter, pelvis, and calyces causing them swell up completely, and this amount of pressure can lead to kidney failure.

最后，VUR五级最为严重，充满整个输管、盂、盏，导致完全肿胀；这样高压可能导致衰竭。

The ammonia makes the urine more alkaline and favors precipitation of magnesium, ammonium, and phosphate into jagged crystals called “staghorns” because they often branch into the several of the renal calyces and look like the horns of a staghorn deer.

氨存在使得碱性增强，利于镁、铵和磷酸盐沉淀，形成锯齿状结晶，称为“鹿角”，因为它们通常会分叉延伸盏，看上去就像麋鹿角。