The Japanese made a categorical surrendering to China in 1945 after 8 years of invasion.

日本在经过8年的侵略，于1945年向中国投降。

Is that consistent with the categorical imperative, that false promise? Kant says no.

那个虚假承诺是否属于绝对命令呢？康德认为不属于。

Some experts say such a position of categorical deniability is driven by pragmatism.

一些专家表示，这种断然否认的立场是出于实用主义。

" Silence, silence." All the air of the fourteenth floor was sibilant with the categorical imperative.

“肃静，肃静”，这断然的命令让十四楼的空气里充满了肃、肃、肃的嘶沙音。

Well, this leaves us one big question: what is the categorical imperative?

什么是绝对命令？

If you're going to act with a categorical imperative so that the maxim doesn't undermine itself.

你要照绝对命令去行动，这样准则就不会否定其自身。

And so you see by these three contrasts Kant reasons his way, brings us up to his derivation of the categorical imperative.

通过这三组相对概念康德阐释了他的观点，告诉了我们绝对命令的来龙去脉。

Categorical moral reasoning locates morality in certain absolute moral requirements, certain categorical duties and rights, regardless of the consequences.

绝对主义道德推理认为，一种行为是否道德取决于特定的绝对道德准则，取决于绝对明确的义务与权利，而不管何。

We're going to explore in the days and weeks to come the contrast between consequentialist and categorical moral principles.

接下来的几天到几周内，我们将探讨结主义与绝对主义道德原则的差别。

I think what he's saying is that this is the test, this is the test of whether the maxim corresponds with the categorical imperative.

我认为他是说这是一个测试，关于这一准则是否属于绝对命令的测试。

I want to be categorical in assuring Guatemalans that law enforcement will pursue those responsible for the attack until they are arrested and brought to justice.

我想明确地向危地马拉人民保证，执法部门将追捕那些袭击者，直到将他们逮捕并绳之以法。

We don't know whether this was because he didn't want to take the chance or because he believed in categorical moral principles.

不知道他是因为不愿意冒这个险呢，还是因为他信奉绝对主义道德原则。

They might be a different shade from the last two colors but it's not meaningful for you to make that categorical distinction at this point in time.

它们可能和前两种颜色的明暗不同，但对你来说，在现在这个时候做出这种分类区分没有意义。

Last time we talked about Kant's categorical imperative and we considered the way he applied the idea of the categorical imperative to the case of lying.

上讲我们讨论了康德的绝对命令，我们一起讨论了他何把绝对命令的理念应用于谎言。

So, let me spell out the second, Kant's second version of the categorical imperative, perhaps in a way that's more intuitively accessible than the formula of universal law.

现在我们来谈第二种形式，康德关于绝对命令的第二种形式，或许在某种程度上能够比普遍法则形式更容易被理解和接受。

And the test, the way we can determine that the false promise is at odds with the categorical imperative is try to universalize it, universalize the maxim upon which you're about to act.

我们可以确定那个虚假承诺并不属于绝对命令的方式或检验，是试着将其普遍化，将你要遵守的准则普遍化。

And the reason it's wrong, he said is once you start taking consequences into account to carve out exceptions to the categorical imperative, you've given up the whole moral framework.

至于原因，他解释道，一旦你开始考虑事情的，试图找出绝对命令的例外你已经放弃了整个道德框架。

It's a way of pointing to this feature, this demand of the categorical imperative that the reasons for your action shouldn't depend for their justification on your interests, your needs, your special circumstances being more important than somebody else's.

这是指明这种特征的方式，指明绝对命令的这种要求：你行动的原因不应依赖个人利益、个人需求以及个人的特殊情况比他人更重要。

Today we turn to Immanuel Kant who offers a different account of why we have a categorical duty to respect the dignity of persons and not to use people as means merely even for good ends.

今天开始讲伊曼努尔·康德，他提出了不同的解释，针对为何我们有尊重个人尊严的绝对义务，以及为何即使是出于良善目的也不能只把人当手段利用。

We heard an objection that said what they did was categorically wrong, like here at the end, categorically wrong, murder is murder, it's always wrong even if it increases the overall happiness of society, a categorical objection.

其中之一是说他们的所作所为，是绝对错误的，排这位所言，绝对错误，谋杀就是谋杀，总归是错的，即便能增加社会总幸福，属于绝对主义的反对。