But instead from the standpoint of the effect of incentives, or disincentives, on the well-being of those on the bottom.

而是考虑这些激励或者抑制对处于社会底层的最不利群体有什么影响。

They site labor shortages and they call it a disincentive to return to work.

他们清力短缺的现状，并失业救金遏制力回归市场。

Poor black health is a disincentive to work that work alone cannot fix.

黑人健康状况差是工作的障碍，光靠工作是解决不的。

I do think, though, that the longer you have it, that it provides some disincentive to work, said Paul.

我在想，领取失业补助的时间越长，工作的意愿就越低。

Not only can someone be elected with minimal actual support, but plurality voting creates disincentives for new entrants to compete for fear of spoiling the election by pulling away votes from ideologically similar candidates.

不仅有人可以在实际支持率极低的情况下当选，而多数票制会抑制新加入者的竞争，因他们担心从意识形态相似的候选人那里拉走选票而破坏选举。