1.For initial stages, esophagectomy, and tumor resection are sufficient.

对于早期管癌，管切除和肿瘤切除已足够。

2.For initial stages, when the cancer has invaded just the mucosa and submucosa, options include esophagectomy, endoscopic tumor resection, or mucosal ablation - which is when the cancerous mucosa is removed by radiofrequency.

早期肿瘤只入侵黏膜和黏膜下层，治疗选择管切除术、内镜下肿瘤切除术或黏膜融术，即用射频融被肿瘤侵袭的黏膜。