High levels of intracellular calcium causes cells to die.

细胞内高浓度的钙离子会使细胞死亡。

For that reason, cells end up using a ton of energy just to keep their intracellular calcium levels low.

所以，细胞平常需使用巨大的能量，只为将细胞内的钙离子浓度维持在低水平。

Once inside the cell, the virus enters the intracellular state where the capsid is removed and the virus becomes active.

旦进入细胞，病毒就进入细胞内状态，它们脱去衣壳，开始变得。

Now, the vast majority, around 98%, of all of the body’s potassium is intracellular, or inside of the cells.

体内绝大多数的钾，大约98%，是细胞内钾，即这些钾位于细胞内。

Cell death might be related to excitotoxicity – which is excessive signaling of these neurons, which leads to high intracellular calcium.

神经元细胞死亡可能与兴奋性毒性有关，即这些神经元细胞接受过度信号传递，引起细胞内钙离子浓度升高。

This protein in turn leads to an overproduction of the intracellular secondary messenger protein, cyclic adenosine monophosphate, or simply cAMP.

然后此蛋白再过度激叫做cAMP的细胞内第二信使。

Another important mechanism is hyperosmolarity, which is where there is an increased extracellular osmolarity, relative to the intracellular space.

另个重要机制是高渗透压，即相对于细胞内，细胞外渗透压增高。

If hypoxia lasts too long, intracellular edema can lead to cell membrane rupture, causing proteins to leak out into the extracellular space.

如果缺氧时间过长，细胞内水肿会造成细胞膜破裂，导致蛋白质外漏到细胞外。

So without ATP, there is an increase in intracellular sodium levels, which caused water to move into the cells, causing intercellular edema.

所以在ATP缺乏时，细胞内钠含量升高，从而使水进入细胞，导致细胞内水肿。

Now, total body potassium can essentially be split into two components— intracellular and extracellular potassium, or potassium inside and outside cells, respectively.

细胞内钾和细胞外钾，即分别分布在细胞内外的钾。

The vast majority, around 98%, of all of the body’s potassium is intracellular, or inside of the cells.

实际上，98%的体内钾为细胞内钾。

This leads to a fall in intracellular calcium levels causing the smooth muscles to relax, and allowing the cavernosal spaces to expand and fill with blood.

这导致细胞内钙水平下降引起平滑肌放松，并允许海绵体间隙扩张及充满血液。

In addition, most of the intracellular calcium is stored within organelles like the mitochondria and smooth endoplasmic reticulum and is released selectively just when it's needed.

另外，大多数的细胞内钙储存在细胞器中，比如线粒体、光面内质网，当需要的时候，它们会被选择性地释放。

NK cells are large lymphocytes with granules and they target cells infected with intracellular organisms, like viruses, as well as cells that pose a threat like cancer cells.

NK细胞是有颗粒的大淋巴细胞，它们靶向被细胞内病原体（如病毒）感染的细胞，还有像癌细胞这样构成威胁的细胞。

The last 1% is split so that the majority, about 0.99% is extracellular - which means in the blood and in the interstitial space between cells, whereas 0.01% is intracellular.

剩下的1%里的绝大多数：大约0.99%的钙存在于细胞外，意味着这些钙离子存在于血液以及细胞间的间质组织中，剩下0.01%的钙在细胞内。

A different example would be tissue injury, like burns, rhabdomyolysis, and tumor lysis syndrome where large numbers of cells die releasing intracellular phosphate into the blood.

还有可能是组织损伤，例如烧伤、横纹肌溶解与肿瘤溶解综合征，此时大量的细胞死亡，细胞内的磷释放到血液中。

As the pumps collectively move more sodium into the blood under the influence of aldosterone, more potassium gets pumped into the cell, which raises the intracellular potassium concentration.

在醛固酮的作用下，离子泵使得更多的钠离子进入血中，更多的钾离子进入细胞中，提升细胞内钾离子浓度。

This causes intracellular carbon dioxide to freely diffuse out of the cell, raising the cellular pH which stimulates glycolysis, a metabolic process that requires a lot of phosphate.

这会导致细胞内CO2自由扩散到细胞外，提高细胞的pH值，激发糖酵解，个需要大量磷酸盐的代谢过程。

Less water in the cells increases the intracellular potassium concentration, which increases potassium’s concentration gradient, and pushes more of it out of the cell and into the interstitium and blood.

细胞内水分减少导致钾离子浓缩，升高了钾离子的浓度梯度，使更多钾离子从细胞内进入细胞间质和血中。

As the pumps collectively move more sodium into the blood under the influence of aldosterone, more potassium gets pumped into the cell - thereby raising the intracellular potassium concentration.

当钠-钾泵在醛固酮影响下共同移动更多的钠进入血液，更多的钾就被泵入细胞，这提高了细胞内钾的浓度。