These leukoplakias are usually painless but can’t be easily scraped away.

白通常不引起疼痛，但不能被轻易刮去。

And leukoplakia specifically relates to a white plaque with no clear underlying cause.

口黏膜白特指没有明确诱因的白色块。

Now, the exact cause for leukoplakia is unknown, but a known risk factor is tobacco use.

现在我们还不能明确口黏膜白的致因素，但有一个明确的高危因素：即烟草的使用。

At the cellular level, leukoplakia typically shows a thickened keratin layer.

从细胞学层面看，口黏膜白的典型表现是增厚的角质层。

The first one of these is leukoplakia, where leuko- means white and -plakia means a flat, raised patch or plaque.

leuko-意为白色，-plakia意为隆起的、表面平整的块。

Now, a lesion that looks like leukoplakia, but isn’t, is an area of frictional keratosis.

如图是一种看起来像口黏膜白，但其实不是的损——摩擦性角。

Early on, these lesions are usually pretty thin, so it’s called thin leukoplakia.

在早期，变往往较轻，因此可以将其称作薄白。

These can either go away on their own, remain unchanged, or grow and become thicker, at which point it’s called thick leukoplakia.

类薄的白可能自行失、保持原状或变厚；一旦变厚，就发展成了厚白。

However, leukoplakia is considered a precancerous condition, meaning that compared to normal tissue, it’s more likely to develop into a cancer in the future.

但是，口黏膜白被认为是一种癌前变，意思是相对于正常组织来说，它在未来发展成癌症的可能性更大。

Leukoplakia is a precancerous white lesion, but more serious lesions include the red-colored erythroplakia which almost always contain severe dysplasia or early cancer.

口黏膜白是一种白色的癌前变，但更严重的变包括红色的口黏膜红，其几乎总有严重的异型增生或早期癌变。

Leukoplakia may show cells that have undergone some degree of dysplasia, meaning they look abnormal in some way, but are not cancerous, or malignant, yet.

白可能还意味着某细胞经历了一定程度的不典型增生，即它们在某方面看起来不正常，但还不是癌性/恶性的。

If it becomes bumpy it’s called nodular leukoplakia, and if it becomes wart-like it’s called verrucous leukoplakia.

如果白表面变得凹凸不平，便称之为结节状黏膜白；如果白的形状像疣，则称其为疣状黏膜白。

Erythroplakias are more serious than leukoplakia because almost always when they are removed and examined under the microscope they will show severe dysplasia, or early cancer.

黏膜红要比黏膜白严重得多，因为在显微镜下观察组织时，它们几乎都表现出了明显的异型增生，或癌变早期征象。

Proliferative verrucous leukoplakia can turn into a particular type of squamous cell cancer called verrucous carcinoma, and it’s also sometimes called snuff-dipper’s cancer since it is more common among users of snuff and other forms of chewing tobacco.

增生性疣状白可发展成一种特殊的鳞状细胞癌，即疣状癌，有时也叫作“鼻烟”癌，因为在鼻烟和其它形式的嚼烟使用者中更常见。