Esophagitis, in turn, causes edema and erosion of the mucosa, which leads to more complications.

进而，食管炎引起黏膜水肿和糜烂，从而导致更多的并发症。

It infects the epithelium of the respiratory mucosa, typically through a nasal route of transmission.

它通常通过鼻传播途径，呼吸道粘膜上。

Now, the stomach mucosa is different from the esophageal mucosa.

而胃粘膜不同于食管粘膜。

On the other hand, rhinoviruses commonly infect the epithelium of the respiratory mucosa, which lines the nasal cavity.

另一方面，鼻病毒通常鼻腔周围的呼吸道粘膜上。

The mucosa comes into direct contact with food, and it protects the esophageal wall from friction.

黏膜层与食物直接接触，同时承受摩擦，保护食管壁。

From the outside in, these are the adventitia, or serosa; the muscular layer; the submucosa and the mucosa.

从外到内，分别是外膜（或者说浆膜）、肌层、黏膜下层与黏膜。

Once rhinovirus has been introduced to the respiratory mucosa, it targets cell surface receptors expressed at the surface of nasal epithelial cells.

一旦鼻病毒被进入呼吸道粘膜，它的目标是在鼻上表面表达的表面受体。

Hydrochloric acid and pepsinogen are useful for digestion, but they can be quite aggressive for the delicate mucosa.

盐酸和胃蛋白酶原有助于消化，但它们对脆弱的粘膜很有侵袭性。

This bicarbonate-rich mucus protects the gastric mucosa from our own gastric acid, so it won’t get digested along with food.

这种富含碳酸氢盐的黏液，保护胃黏膜不受我们自身胃酸的影响，使其不至于和食物一起被消化。

Once the measles virus gets onto the mucosa of an unsuspecting person, it quickly starts to infect the epithelial cells in the trachea or bronchi.

一旦麻疹病毒进入一个毫无戒备的人的粘膜，它很快就开始气管或支气管上。

These ulcers are spots in the mucosa where the tissue has eroded away and left behind open sores or breaks in the membrane.

这些溃疡是发生在粘膜上的斑块缺损，受损粘膜组织发生脱落，进而在粘膜表面残留开放的疮疡或裂口。

Persistent acid reflux damages the esophageal mucosa, causing local inflammation, or esophagitis.

持续性酸反流损害食管粘膜，引起局部炎症，即食管炎。

When the virus comes in contact with the respiratory mucosa or the skin of a new person, it starts replicating in the epithelial cells.

病毒进入新者的呼吸道粘膜或肤，随即开始了在上中的复制。

As the mucosa and epithelium are destroyed, blood and serum may be released into the lumen, which contributes to blood seen on the stools.

因为粘膜和上组织受到了破坏，血液或血浆可流入肠腔当中，进而导致肉眼可见的血便。

That’s where there’s repeated physical trauma like rubbing of the tooth surface against the mucosa of the cheeks.

这是由于反复摩擦导致的物理损伤，如牙齿表面对颊黏膜的摩擦。

So its mucosa is made up of stratified squamous epithelium, which is better equipped to resist abrasion from food going down.

因此，其粘膜是由复层鳞状上构成的，能较好地抵御食物对食管的磨损。

For example, after a dental procedure that leaves a rough tooth surface, or a broken tooth rubbing against the mucosa.

比如，某次牙科治疗使牙齿变面变得粗糙，或者某颗坏掉的牙齿不断摩擦黏膜。

In the gut, there’s a layer of smooth muscle just under the submucosa, which sits under the mucosa, which is the innermost layer of the gut nearest to the lumen.

在肠道，黏膜下层之下有一层平滑肌，黏膜下层即位于黏膜层的下层，而黏膜是肠道最内层（离肠腔最近）。

Going deeper past that layer you’ve got the basement membrane and loose connective tissue, called the lamina propria—which together with the epithelium makes up the mucosa.

更深层由基底膜和疏松结缔组织组成，被称为基底层，它和上层一起组成了气道的黏膜层。

Beyond the mucosa, there is smooth muscle followed by more connective tissue, and together, these two layers make up the submucosa and this is where the bronchial mucinous glands live.

黏膜层外是平滑肌，之后是更多结缔组织，这两层共同组成粘膜下层，是黏液腺所在之处。