Scores of papers have been published since 2008 attempting to estimate fiscal multipliers.

自2008年以来，已经有数十篇试图测算财政乘数论文出版。

As a new debate over multipliers flared, freshwater types stood their ground.

随着一场新乘数争论升温，淡水派坚守了它们阵地。

The IMF, for instance, concluded that the (harmful) multiplier for fiscal contractions was often 1.5 or more.

例如，国际货币基金组织认为，对财政收缩（有害）乘数经常大等1.5。

Economists have come up with a wide range of estimates for that multiplier.

经济学家们对此提出了各种各样估计。

When the economy is already booming, the multiplier seems to be close to one.

当经济繁荣时，乘数效应似乎接近1。

Keynes supposed there was a “multiplier effect” from changes in investment spending.

认为，存在着一种来自投资开支改变“乘数效应”。

And the multiplier effect means that more money is being spent on local businesses, so these jobs create jobs.

乘数效应意味着更多钱将花在当地企业上，所以这些工作创造了就业机会。

The idea of the multiplier emerged from the intense argument over how to respond to the Depression.

财政乘数思想出自如何应对大萧条激烈争论。

Fancy Keynesian multipliers were not needed to keep an economy on track, he reckoned.

他指出，推崇乘数已经不再为保持经济正常运转所必需。

Climate change didn't cause Hurricane Ida, but it definitely made it worse, and that's what climate change is, a threat multiplier.

气候变化并不是引发飓风艾达原因，但它绝对让情况变得更糟了。这就是气候变化，一个威胁放大器。

It had dramatically underestimated the fiscal multiplier.

它大大低估了财政乘数。

But general cuts to payroll and income taxes seem to have a multiplier of about 1.

但对工资和所得税全面削减，其乘数大约是1。

But when the economy is in recession with lots of unemployed workers in lots of unused capital, the multipliers around 2.

但当经济陷入衰退，大量失业工人在大量闲置资本中时，乘数大约为2。

But we want is something that will affect the economy rapidly, but also have a high multiplier.

但是我们希望某些东西会快速影响经济，但也有一个高乘数。

Spending on infrastructure, and aid to state and local governments, also seems to have a fairly high multiplier, about 1.5.

在基础设施方面支出，以及对州政府和地方政府援助，似乎也有相当高乘数，约为1。5。

The multiplier on government spending might in fact be close to zero, as each extra dollar is almost entirely offset by increased private saving.

由每一额外一美元几乎完全被增长了私人储蓄所抵消，政府开支乘数实际上可能接近零。

They will go home and live at home. They won't buy cars. They won't invest in housing, so there is a real multiplier effect that is short term.

他们会回家，住在家里，不会买汽车，不会投资房屋，所以这在短期内会造成多种影响。”

Adding in the companies supporting the yards, and the shops and services that support these workers, the total ran to 400,000, an employment multiplier of 4.

加上这些造船厂供应商，以及这些工人产生商品和服务消费需求，总共拉动了40万人就业，就业乘数为4。

In it, Keynes gave a much more complete account of how the multiplier might work, and how it might enable a government to drag a slumping economy back to health.

《在通论》中，对财政乘数可能如何发挥作用以及它如何能让政府把处下滑中经济体回归健康给出了一个远为完整描述。