1.Heroin abuse has also been linked to FSGS, which is called heroin nephropathy.

海洛因滥用也与FSGS有关，称为海洛因肾。

2.HIV, a retrovirus that infects various human cell types, can lead to FSGS and is called HIV-associated nephropathy.

HIV，一种感染人类不同细胞的逆转录毒，致FSGS，称为HIV相关肾。

3.In IgA nephropathy, though, there is abnormal glycosylation of these serine and threonine residues, causing them to be galactose-deficient.

而在IgA肾中，有一系列丝氨酸、苏氨酸残基常糖基，致它们无法连接半乳糖。

4.IgA nephropathy, sometimes known as Berger disease, is the most common form of nephropathy worldwide, and it happens when an abnormal IgA forms and deposits in the kidneys, causing kidney damage.

IgA肾，有时也叫Berger，是全球最常见的肾；该有常IgA形成，沉积于肾，造成肾损伤。

5.IgA nephropathy is therefore a type III hypersensitivity disorder, meaning that pathology and inflammation will happen at the site the immune complexes deposit, not where they are formed.

因此IgA肾是一种III型超敏反应，意味着理和炎症反应会发生在免疫复合物沉积的地方，而不是发生在免疫复合物形成的地方。

6.Those immune complexes can also be visualized on immunofluorescence, although one important finding that can help differentiate from other immune-complex mediated nephropathies is that these complexes involve IgA.

用免疫荧光电镜也以看到这些免疫复合物，但有一点需要注意，有助于和其他免疫复合物介的肾区分，就是这些免疫复合物包含IgA。

7.Individuals with chronic gout are also at an increased risk for developing kidney stones made of uric acid, as well as urate nephropathy, which is when urate crystals deposit in the interstitium of the kidney.

慢性痛风的人罹患尿酸性肾结石以及尿酸性肾的风险也会升高；尿酸性肾中，尿酸结晶沉积于肾脏间质。