In Parkinson's, these darkened areas of substantia nigra gradually disappear.

患有帕金森时，黑质的深色区域逐渐消失。

They were studying a social species of spider called Chikunia nigra, living near Beratan Lake in Bali.

当时们在研究一种生活在巴厘岛贝拉坦湖畔、名为Chikunia nigra的社会性蜘蛛。

The substantia nigra actually can be split into two sub-regions.

黑质可以被分为两个亚区：First， there’s the pars reticulata， which receives signals from another part of the basal ganglia called the striatum 纹状， which is a term for the caudate and putamen put together， and relays messages to the thalamus via neurons rich in the neurotransmitter GABA， also known as gamma-aminobutyric acid. 首先是网状部，可以接受基底节另一部分纹状发来的信号；纹状由尾状核和壳核组成，可以通过富含神递质GABA的神元传递信号到丘脑，中GABA即γ－氨基丁酸。

The misfolded alpha-synuclein aggregates to form Lewy bodies that deposit inside neurons, particularly in the cortex and the substantia nigra.

错误折叠的α-突触核蛋白聚集形成路易小，沉积在神元中，尤是在皮层和黑质中。

No matter the cause is, Parkinson's derives from the death of dopamine-producing, or dopaminergic, neurons in the substantia nigra.

无论如何，帕金森源于黑质中生产多巴胺的神（即多巴胺能神）死亡。

One was the substantia nigra pars compacta.

一种是黑质致密部。

Now, Parkinson's disease develops when the neurons connecting the substantia nigra to the striatum progressively degenerate.

现在，当连接黑质的神元纹状逐渐退化。

The hallmark symptoms—tremors, rigidity, and impaired coordination—are orchestrated by a deficit in dopamine within the substantia nigra.

标志性症状——震颤、僵硬和协调受损——是由黑质内多巴胺缺乏引起的。

In contrast, neurons in a section of the midbrain called the substantia nigra are in charge of initiating movement and other motor function.

相形之下，中脑有一个区域叫做黑质，黑质神元负责动的设计启动以及动功能。

Therefore, when substantia nigra pars compacta neurons die, the individual may be in a hypokinetic or low movement state which is commonly seen in Parkinson's.

因此，当黑质致密部神元死亡时，患者可能会处于动减弱的状态，可常见于帕金森病。

Under a microscope, Lewy bodies, which are eosinophilic, round inclusions made of alpha-synuclein protein are present in the affected substantia nigra neurons before they die.

显微镜下，路易小——即由α突触核蛋白构成的嗜酸性包含，可在受损的黑质神元死亡前，于细胞内被观察到。

In addition to simply initiating movements, the substantia nigra helps to calibrate and fine tune the way that movements happen, which leads to the clinical features of Parkinson's.

在引发动作的阶段，黑质可以参与微调和校准动作的发生，这就可以解释帕金森的临床症状。

The substantia nigra is a part of the basal ganglia, a collection of brain regions that control movement through their connections with the motor cortex.

黑质是基底节的一部分；基底节是大脑几个区域的集合，通过与动皮质的连接来控制动作。

The cortex relays sensory information as well as plans for future action, while the substantia nigra sends dopamine that helps to coordinate all of the inputs.

大脑皮层传递感觉信息和未来行动的计划，而物质黑质发送多巴胺，帮助协调所有的输入。

Symptoms of Schizophrenia appear when one of the neural circuit situated in the midbrain, called Substantia nigra, overproduce neurotransmitter called Dopamine and disrupts the balance between secretion of Dopamine and Acetylcholine.

当位于中脑的黑质神回路产生过量多巴胺，并破坏多巴胺和乙酰胆碱分泌之间的平衡时，就会出现精神分裂症的症状。

The name substantia nigra means " black substance, " since it is darker than other brain regions when you look at a slice of the brain on an autopsy.

Substantia Nigra之所以叫“黑质”，是因为当观察大脑的尸检切片时，黑质比大脑部分颜色更深。

We usually refer to the substantia nigra as if it's in a single location, but there are actually two of these regions in the brain, one on each side of the midbrain.

“黑质”听起来像是指某个具的位置，但实际上是指大脑中的两个区域，分别位于中脑两侧。

During pregnancy, all the hormones can make it so that melanocytes come to the surface, not only in that linea nigra, but you can notice darker areas in your skin and your face and other places.

怀孕期间，激素的变化会使黑色素细胞更加活跃，不仅会在妊娠中线处显现，还可能导致皮肤、面部和部位变得更深色。

Brain regions such as the substantia nigra involved in reward processing or the anterior insula involved in the visceral experience of emotion or brain regions in the inferior frontal gyrus that are involved in autobiographical memories.

大脑区域，如参与奖赏处理的黑质或参与情绪内脏验的前岛叶，或参与自传记忆的额下回大脑区域。

Now, the neurons responsible for coordinating movement are located in a part of the brain called the striatum, which receives information from two major sources — the neocortex and a region known as the substantia nigra.

现在，负责协调动的神元位于大脑的一部分被称为纹状，它接收来自两个主要来源的信息-大脑皮层和大脑皮层被称为黑质的区域。