This affects the amount of parathyroid hormone that gets released by the parathyroid gland.

这从而会影响甲状旁腺释放甲状旁腺激素的量。

If osteoporosis is really advanced, teriparatide, a recombinant parathyroid hormone can be used.

如果松十分严重，可以使用特立帕肽这种重组甲状旁腺激素治疗。

Ok, now let's have a quick look at parathyroid hormone.

好，来看甲状旁腺的功能。

Additionally, parathyroid hormone can boost 1-alpha-hydroxylase activity, which forms more active vitamin D, increasing gut absorption of calcium.

此外，甲状旁腺激素可以增加1-α-羟化酶的活性，从而形成更多有活性的维生素D，增加肠道对钙的吸收。

As calcium levels in the blood fall, parathyroid hormone is released, causing the bones to lose calcium.

随着血钙低，甲状旁腺激素释放，导致溶作用。

The main endocrine glands are the pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pancreas and gonads.

主要的内分泌腺为垂体、甲状腺、甲状旁腺、肾上腺、胰腺和性腺。

To identify the cause, lab tests are typically done, which includes tests for parathyroid hormone, vitamin D, albumin, phosphorus, and magnesium.

为了确定病因，通常要做实验室检查，其中包括甲状旁腺激素、维生素D、白蛋白、磷和镁的检测。

When the body’s levels of extracellular calcium change, it’s detected by a surface receptor in parathyroid cells called the calcium-sensing receptor.

体细胞外钙水平改变时，会被甲状旁腺细胞中的一种表面受体钙敏感受体检测到。

The parathyroid glands are four masses of tissue, two embedded posterior in each lateral mass of the thyroid gland.

3。甲状旁腺有四个组织块，成对地嵌在甲状腺每个侧叶的后部。

It turns out, though, that parathyroid hormone also shuts this down.

不过，事实证明甲状旁腺激素也会阻止这种反应。

Lastly, parathyroid hormone increases calcium reabsorption and reduces the reabsorption of phosphate from the kidneys, so more phosphate is excreted through the urine.

最后，甲状旁腺激素可以促进肾脏对钙的重吸收，而减少对磷酸盐的重吸收，因此导致磷升高。

Parathyroid hormone is produced by the parathyroid glands in response to low serum calcium, and it increases bone resorption to release calcium into the bloodstream.

顾名思义，甲状旁腺激素在甲状旁腺产生，来应对血清中过低的钙水平，从而增加的吸收来释放更多的钙进入血液。

Now, that calcium’s still in the lumen, but parathyroid hormone also affects the distal convoluted tubule and increases calcium reabsorption.

这时，钙仍然在腔内，但甲状旁腺激素也会影响远曲小管，增加对钙的再吸收。

Now, the levels of calcium and phosphate in the bone, but also in the blood, are regulated by vitamin D and parathyroid hormone, or PTH.

钙和磷不仅存在于中，也存在于血液中，钙磷含量的调节受维生素D和甲状旁腺激素（PTH）调控。

Less calcium entering the blood is the most common cause and can be due to hypoparathyroidism, or lower levels or lower activity of parathyroid hormone.

钙离子进入血液的量减少是最常见的原因，可能是由于甲状旁腺功能减退或者甲状旁腺激素的量或者活性低。

Also, people with the genetic disease DiGeorge syndrome, often born with parathyroid glands that are too small and can’t produce enough parathyroid hormone.

或是由于患有DiGeorge综合症，生来甲状旁腺就太小，不能产生足够的甲状旁腺激素。

Related to this is pseudohyporparathyroidism, which is where the kidneys simply don’t respond to parathyroid hormone because of a genetic defect in the parathyroid hormone receptor.

与此相关的是伪甲状旁腺功能减退症，也就是由于甲状旁腺激素受体的基因缺陷，肾脏不对甲状旁腺激素作出反应。

Now, that calcium’s still in the lumen, though, but parathyroid hormone also affects the distal convoluted tubule and increases calcium reabsorption.

现在，钙仍然在腔内，但是甲状旁腺激素也会影响远曲小管增加钙的再吸收。

If calcium levels fall, the four parathyroid glands buried within the thyroid gland release parathyroid hormone which frees up both calcium and phosphate ions from the bones.

如果钙水平下，那么在甲状腺内的四个甲状旁腺释放甲状旁腺激素，导致骼中释放钙和磷酸盐离子。

This can happen following a thyroid gland removal surgery when the parathyroids are accidentally taken out too or radiation treatment for cancer of the head or neck.

这可能发生在甲状腺切除手术中，甲状旁腺可能被意外取出，或针对头颈部癌症进行的放疗过程中。