2.Since they're made partly of calcium, they'll usually be radiopaque, meaning you can see them on x-ray, here's an example showing pigmented gallstones on x-ray.
3.Sometimes, instead of oxalate, the calcium binds a negatively charged phosphate group to form calcium phosphate stones, which are dirty white in color and alsop radiopaque on an Xray.
4.A tiny minority of stones are cystine stones, composed of the amino acid cystine which sometimes leaks into the urine to crystalize and form a yellow or light pink colored stone that is radiopaque under X-ray.