Confucius's dictum advised that when the Emperor was evil, people should become recluses – people, like hermits, who live alone and avoid contact with others.
Here's Meng Hu talking about Confucius to BBC World Service programme, The Why Factor: His dictum was something like, 'When the Emperor is good, serve. When the Emperor is evil, recluse'.
And so over a thousand years at least there were a lot of recluses, there were a lot of educated men who simply couldn't tolerate any more evil – they simply dropped out and they would migrate to small villages, to farms.