(Dsup stands for " damage suppressor protein." )

（Dsup是“损伤抑”的缩写）。

Both of these proteins, are tumor suppressors, meaning they help slow down cell growth and prevent tumors.

这些都是肿瘤抑剂，辅助抑细胞生长，阻止肿瘤发生。

Tumor suppressor genes, which signal a cell to stop dividing.

肿瘤抑基因，向细胞发出停止分裂的信号。

So oncogenes or mutated tumor suppressor genes allow cells to keep growing uncontrollably resulting into tumors.

因此，癌基因的抑癌基因使细胞不受控地增长，导致肿瘤发生。

This may sound harmless, but LANA-1 inhibits p53, a tumor suppressor protein that prevents cancer formation.

听似无害，但LANA-1会抑p53的活性；p53是种防止肿瘤形成的肿瘤抑。

Oncogenes help cells grow and proliferate, while tumor suppressor genes slow down cell growth and proliferation.

致癌基因加速细胞生长增殖，而抑癌基因使细胞生长增殖慢。

You can think of proto-oncogenes as the accelerator or gas pedal and tumor suppressor genes as the brakes.

你可以把原癌基因看作是加速器是油门，把抑癌基因看作是刹车。

This type of gene is called an anti-oncogene or tumor suppressor gene.

这种类型的基因被称为抗癌基因肿瘤抑基因。

Squamous cell cancers arise from squamous cells that undergo genetic mutations that either activate proto-oncogenes or inactivate tumor suppressor genes.

鳞状细胞癌产生于经历了基因的鳞状细胞，基因可能激活原癌基因、使抑癌基因失活。

Abnormal cell division can occur either when active oncogenes are expressed or when tumor suppressor genes are lost.

当活性癌基因表达肿瘤抑基因丢失时，可发生异常细胞分裂。

To balance out cell growth, there are other genes called tumor suppressor genes which promote apoptosis or cell death of mutated cells.

为平衡细胞生长，还有其它基因，称作抑癌基因，促进细胞的凋亡细胞死亡。

In the thymus, these precursor T-cells mature and express either CD4 on helper T-cells or CD8 on cytotoxic T-cells sometimes known as suppressor T cells.

胸腺中，这些前体T细胞在成熟后，分化为辅助T细胞在细胞表面表达CD4，分化为细胞毒性T细胞（有时被称为抑T细胞）在细胞表面表达CD8。

It usually involves several genetic mutations in endometrial cells, including of PTEN, a tumor suppressor gene; PIK3CA, an oncogene; and ARID1A, a gene regulating chromatin structure.

它通常涉及子宫内膜细胞的几种基因，包括抑癌基因PTEN、原癌基因PIK3CA，及调控染色质结构的基因ARID1A。

They form when there is a mutation in the Adenomatous Polyposis Coli gene or APC gene, which is a tumor suppressor gene that regulates cell growth.

当结肠腺瘤样息肉病（APC）基因时，结肠腺瘤往往会形成；APC基因是一种调控细胞增殖的抑癌基因。

And this is due to mutations in the TSC1 or TSC2 tumor suppressor genes, genes that usually suppress tumor growth, therefore a mutation leads to myocyte overgrowth.

由于TSC1和TSC2抑癌基因的，这些基因通常抑肿瘤生长，因此此类基因可导致肌细胞过度生长。

The genetic mutations found most often in serous carcinoma involve the TP53 gene, another tumor suppressor, and aneuploidy, or an abnormal number of chromosomes after cell division.

浆液性癌最常见的基因包括TP53基因，也是一个抑癌基因，以及非整倍体，即细胞分裂后染色体数目异常。

Typically these are mutations in proto-oncogenes which results in a promotion of cell division, or mutations in tumor suppressor genes which results in a loss of inhibition of cell division.

通常，这些是原癌基因，会促进细胞分裂；是抑癌基因，导致细胞分裂的正常抑被解除。

Mutations can occur in tumor suppressor genes, which normally code for proteins that stop the cell cycle or promote apoptosis - so they’re the cell cycle’s very own brake pedal.

基因可能会发生在抑癌基因；抑癌基因的功能是编码、阻断细胞周期，促进凋亡的质，所以它算是细胞周期的“刹车片”。

And when tumor suppressor genes, like the genes that encode proteins p53, p16, and the retinoblastoma protein, also called pRb, are inactivated, it removes the inhibition to cell division.

当抑癌基因（如编码质的p53基因、p16基因、成视网膜母细胞瘤称pRb基因）失活时，抑细胞分裂的机就被去除了。

Over time, just like with squamous cell carcinoma, mutations might accumulate in either tumor suppressor genes or proto-oncogenes that control the division of these metaplastic cells, ultimately resulting in a malignant tumor.

长此以往，和食鳞癌一样，抑癌基因和原癌基因会积累一系列，那些控着化生细胞的细胞周期的基因最终会导致恶性肿瘤。