And molecules like thalidomide are the same way.

像力多胺这样的分子也如此。

Don McCullin's unsparing portraits from war zones, or the dangling body-harness of a thalidomide child.

唐·麦卡林对战争地区的无情描绘，或者多胺儿童悬在空中的身体吊带。

What researchers didn't know at the time was that there were actually two versions of the thalidomide molecule.

那时的研究员们不知道力多胺分子其实有两个变体。

Even though they were now aware that thalidomide was a problem, scientists still didn't know why.

即使他们已经意识到力多胺的问题，但那时的科学家仍然不清楚其中原因。

By 1961, Lenz had proven the link between thalidomide and the birth defects, and it was pulled from the shelves.

到1961年，Lenz证明力多胺与先天性缺陷之间的联系，该下架。

As public awareness of the thalidomide tragedy grew, the quiet scientist became a media sensation.

随着公众对度胺悲剧的意识增强，这位沉默寡言的科学家成媒体的轰动人物。

Kelsey found its data on thalidomide’s absorption and toxicity inadequate.

Kelsey 发现其有度胺吸收和毒性的数据不足。

In thalidomide, for example, the chiral center is a carbon atom attached to one of the rings.

例如在力多胺中，手性中心一个吸附在一个结构环上的碳原子。

Even though they were now aware that thalidomide was a problem, scientists still didn’t know why.

尽管他们现在意识到度胺个问题， 但科学家们仍然不知道原因。

But it turns out that thalidomide's R enantiomer can actually switch to the S version while inside the human body.

但事实证明，力多胺中的R对映体在人体内还可以转换成S变体。

But in 1998, the FDA did approve thalidomide, almost forty years after rejecting it based on the birth defect problems.

但1998年，在由于先天性缺陷问题而被禁的近40年后，食品及物管理局的确批准力多胺的使用。

Merrell executives complained that stubborn and nit-picking Kelsey was the problem, not thalidomide.

Merrell 的高管们抱怨说，固执和吹毛求疵的凯尔西才问题所在，而不度胺。

What researchers didn’t know at the time was that there were actually two versions of the thalidomide molecule.

当时研究人员不知道的度胺分子实际上有两个版本。

But it turns out that thalidomide’s R enantiomer can actually switch to the S version while inside the human body.

但事实证明，度胺的 R 对映异构体实际上可以在人体内转换为 S 版本。

In November 1961, thalidomide was pulled from the German market.

1961 年 11 月，度胺退出德国市场。

Merrell had expected a quick, affirmative reply so it could launch thalidomide for the holiday season, when sedative sales soar.

Merrell 曾期望得到快速、肯定的答复，以便在镇静剂销量飙升的假期推出度胺。

As Kelsey reviewed and rejected each new application, news of thalidomide’s adverse side effects began to surface.

当凯尔西审查并拒绝每一项新申请时，度胺的不良副作用的消息开始浮出水面。

Meaning that even if they'd isolated 100% pure R thalidomide, it still wouldn't be safe for pregnant women.

这意味着即使他们将R力多胺完全隔离出来，对孕妇而言，依旧不安全。

The pharmaceutical company Gruenenthal produced thalidomide in the 1950s and 60s to help pregnant women suffering from morning sickness. With the details, here is Mike Wooldridge.

制公司Gruenenthal于五六十年代生产立多胺来帮助孕妇免于晨吐。麦克·沃特里报道。

The apology came as the chief executive of the Gruenenthal Group Harald Stock unveiled a bronze statue symbolising a boy born without a limbs because of thalidomide.

Gruenenthal集团总裁哈拉尔·司多克揭开一座象征因立多胺而出生时就缺少四肢的男孩铜像，然后对此事表示道歉。