2.Compared with virginoparae, the genetic relationship between fundatrix and the first generation of virginoparae (apterous) produced by fundatrix (apterous) was much close.
③雌的遗传关系很近,但孤雌蚜已与二者有分化.
3.In some species, such as aphids, the flightless morph lacks wings and is called the apterous morph.