捷cracks below the surface cause slabs of material to spall off .
表面下
缝导致石板碎剥落。
)碎片, 
片cracks below the surface cause slabs of material to spall off .
表面下缝导致石板碎剥落。
In addition,The general macrograph characters of spalling of bonding layer and shallow working lining,and their causes were described.
总结了
损预报模型研究现状,并详细介绍了典型损预报模型,最后展望了冷研究工作方向。
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