These joints are synovial, meaning they have a joint capsule and a small amount of synovial fluid in between.

关节突关节是滑膜关节，即关节有关节囊，囊内有少量滑液。

Well done! And synovial is the name for the fluid that surrounds this type of joint.

干得好！滑液是围绕在这类关节周围的液体。

With Osteoarthritis, we’re really talking about one particular kind of joint which is a synovial joint.

骨关节炎中，我们讨论的是殊的关节——滑膜关节。

OK, this professor isn't feeling too clever today. I'm going to have to take a guess and say, c) synovial.

好吧，我这个教授今天的大脑不是很光。我只能猜下答案了，我选c)滑液性关节?

Yes, of course. So which type of joint can you crack? Is it … a) fibrous? b) cartilaginous? Or c) synovial?

当然。那么你能关节？是a)纤维性关节? b)软骨性关节? c)滑液性关节?

The cartilage gets softer, weaker, and continues to lose elasticity, and starts to flake off into the synovial space, called joint mice.

软骨变得柔软、脆弱，弹力持续降低，开始脱落，进入滑膜囊内，称为“关节鼠”。

They're caused by tiny bubbles in your synovial fluid, which is just the fancy name for the fluid in between your joints that keeps your bones from scraping together.

它们是由滑液中的小气泡引起的，滑液是关节之间防止骨骼刮擦的液体的别称。

OK, if you say so, Professor. And since you're in a scientific mood, how about answering today's quiz question. Which type of joint can you crack? Is it … a) fibrous? b) cartilaginous? Or c) synovial?

好吧，随你怎么说吧，大教授。既然你想谈论科学，那么就来回答下今天的测试题吧。人体的个关节可以被？是a)纤维性关节? b)软骨性关节? c)滑液性关节?

Along with articular cartilage, another important component of synovial joints, and where they get their name from, is the synovium, which along with the surface of the articular cartilage, forms the inner lining of the joint space.

和关节软骨样，滑膜是滑膜关节的另重要组成成分，所以得名“滑膜关节”；滑膜分布在关节软骨的表面，形成关节腔的内层。

As “type A” cells in the synovium attempt to remove the debris, immune cells like lymphocytes and macrophages are recruited into the synovial membrane, which produces proinflammatory cytokines that ultimately cause inflammation of the synovium as well, called synovitis.

滑膜上的A型细胞努力清除这些碎片的同时，免疫细胞（如淋巴细胞、巨噬细胞）也被募集进入滑膜，产生炎症因子，最终导致滑膜炎。

The synovium’s composed of loose connective tissue, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and on the surface—”Type A” cells that clear cellular debris and “Type B” cells that produce components of synovial fluid, which helps lubricate the two articular surfaces.

滑膜由松散结缔组织、血管、淋巴管组成；在滑膜表面，A型细胞清理细胞碎屑，B型细胞产生滑液成分，滑液能够润滑两块关节的表面。